IPOs & Corporate Events
IPO (Initial Public Offering)
The first time a private company sells shares to the public on a stock exchange. Raises capital for the company; early investors and employees gain liquidity.
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Lock-Up Period
A contractual period (typically 90–180 days post-IPO) during which insiders and early investors cannot sell their shares. Lock-up expiration often causes temporary selling pressure.
Prospectus (S-1)
The formal SEC filing a company submits before an IPO. Contains financial statements, risk factors, business description, and use of proceeds. The primary document for IPO due diligence.
Dilution
The reduction in existing shareholders' ownership percentage caused by the issuance of new shares (via IPO, secondary offering, stock options, or convertible debt).
Stock Split
A corporate action that increases the number of shares while proportionally reducing the share price. A 2-for-1 split doubles the shares and halves the price. Market cap is unchanged.
Share Buyback
When a company repurchases its own shares from the market using cash. Reduces shares outstanding, boosting EPS and often the stock price. A signal of management confidence.
Direct Listing
An alternative to an IPO where a company lists existing shares directly on an exchange without issuing new shares or using underwriters. No lock-up period, no underwriting fees.